Rockwell-automation System Design for the Control of Electrical Noise Manual de usuario Pagina 100
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Publication GMC-RM001A-EN-P — July 2001
11-10 Measuring Noise Reduction Effectiveness
Identifying the Noise Source
Two methods for identifying the source of a noise spike are listed
below.
• Disable each potential source in turn until the spike disappears.
• Correlate the noise signal with PWM sources by displaying the
PWM waveform on a second channel. If the PWM source is the
culprit, the noise signal will remain synchronized to the edges of
the PWM waveform. Use a differential probe (phase to phase) or
high-pass filter (phase to ground), connected to the suspect drive
terminals, to display the PWM edges.
Intermittent Noise
If noise from mechanical contacts (e.g., a motor contactor) is
suspected, the technique is a little different. Because of the variable
nature of the peak amplitude, the best method is to operate the
suspect device (for example) ten times in quick succession by
overriding the control system. If this is not practical, monitor the
device long enough to observe a number of operations. Progressively
increase the trigger level as before.
General Guidelines for
Measuring Noise
This section contains general guidelines for measuring noise. Tips on
understanding acceptable noise levels, noise measurement methods
that don’t work, and system monitoring methods are discussed.
What are Acceptable Noise Levels?
No national or international standards for instantaneous peak voltage
levels are known, but a very conservative approach would be to
assume that a TTL gate may be closely coupled to a nominally clean
circuit. Then, the noise immunity of a TTL gate (around 1.0V)
becomes the critical level. This implies an allowable maximum of (for
example) 500mV to allow for some margin of safety.
- System Design for 1
- Control of 1
- Electrical Noise 1
- Important User Information 2
- Table of Contents 3
- Table of Contents iii 5
- Appendix A 6
- Appendix B 6
- Who Should Use this 7
- Purpose of this Manual 7
- Contents of this Manual 8
- Related Documentation 9
- Conventions Used in this 9
- P-4 Preface 10
- Chapter Objectives 11
- What is Electrical Noise? 11
- Understanding the Need for 11
- Electrical Noise Control 11
- Noise Control Basics 12
- Figure 1.1 13
- Figure 1.2 13
- Coupling Mechanisms 14
- Capacitance 15
- Mutual Inductance 15
- Solutions for Reducing 16
- Implementation 17
- Measuring Effectiveness 17
- High Frequency (HF) Bonding 19
- Noise Example 1 20
- Noise Example 2 21
- The Ground Plane Principle 21
- Figure 2.3 22
- Figure 2.4 23
- Noise Solutions Using the 24
- Ground Plane Principle 24
- Painted Components 25
- Anodized Aluminum Components 25
- EMC Filters 25
- Adjacent Panels 26
- Grid and Raised Floor 27
- Mezzanine Floor 28
- Machine Structure 29
- Panel ground plane 29
- New Buildings 30
- Existing Buildings 31
- Grounding (Safety Earth) 32
- Understanding the 33
- Segregation Concept 33
- Zone Classification 34
- Component Categories 35
- Routing Wires and Cables 36
- Within a Panel 36
- Figure 3.3 37
- Routing very-dirty cables 37
- Wire and Cable Categories 38
- Data/Communications Cables 39
- Routing System Wires and 40
- Cables Between Panels 40
- Shielding Concept 41
- Ferrite Sleeves 42
- Figure 4.3 43
- Figure 4.4 43
- Mixing Categories 44
- Figure 4.5 45
- Figure 4.6 45
- Filtering Noise 47
- IMPORTANT 48
- Filter Performance 49
- Performance Test Set-up 50
- Test Results 50
- Ultrasonic Transducers 51
- Xenon Flashing Beacons 51
- (strobe lights) 51
- Earth Leakage/Ground Fault 52
- Contact Suppression 53
- Figure 6.1 54
- RC suppressor circuit 54
- Figure 6.2 54
- Understanding Contact 55
- Suppression for 24V dc 55
- Circuits 55
- Figure 6.7 57
- Figure 6.8 57
- Figure 6.9 58
- Power Distribution 59
- Figure 7.1 60
- Filter test set-up 60
- Figure 7.2 60
- Transformers 61
- Single Phase Power 62
- 24V dc Power Supplies 62
- 24V dc Distribution 63
- 24V dc PSU Zoning Methods 63
- Figure 7.5 64
- Figure 7.6 65
- Filter between zones 65
- Figure 7.7 66
- Linear PSU 67
- Figure 7.9 68
- PSU mounted in Dirty Zone 68
- Floating Requirement 69
- Figure 7.11 70
- Separate Clean Zones 70
- Long Power Cable Runs 71
- 7-14 Power Distribution 72
- Motor Wiring 73
- Shielding Motor Power 74
- Grounding Motor Power 74
- Cable Shields 74
- Applying Ferrite Sleeves 75
- Splicing Motor Power 75
- Handling Excess Cable 76
- Installing Long Motor 76
- Understanding Registration 77
- Noise Reduction Methods 78
- Figure 9.1 79
- Figure 9.2 79
- Registration power filter 79
- Dedicated Power Supply 80
- Detection Device Mounting 80
- Signal Noise Filter Options 81
- To Registration Inputs 83
- From Detector 83
- Registration Error 84
- Error Compensation 85
- Software Solutions 85
- Encoders 87
- Mounting 88
- Power Supply Wiring 89
- 10-4 Encoders 90
- E-Field Sniffing Method 93
- H-Field Sniffing Method 94
- Measuring AC Circuits 95
- Figure 11.4 96
- Ground Loops 97
- Differential Measurements 97
- Differential Scope Inputs 98
- Scope Probe Lead Extension 99
- General Guidelines for 100
- Measuring Noise 100
- Field Strength Meters 101
- Monitoring for Noise 101
- Monitoring Systems 102
- Monitoring Panels 102
- Noise Control Supplement 103
- A-2 Noise Control Supplement 104
- Noise Control Supplement A-3 105
- A-4 Noise Control Supplement 106
- Wire Segregation Test 107
- A-6 Noise Control Supplement 108
- Conclusions 109
- Switch-Mode DC Power 110
- Supplies 110
- Grounding the Common 111
- Figure A.8 112
- Figure A.9 112
- Grounded common 112
- DC Filtering 113
- AC Line Filters 114
- Using a Dynamic Braking 115
- Contactor 115
- Figure A.13 116
- Bonding Surfaces 117
- Noise Checklist 118
- EMC Product Suppliers 119
- B-2 EMC Product Suppliers 120
- I-2 Index 122
- Index I-3 123
- I-4 Index 124
- Index I-5 125
- I-6 Index 126
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