Rockwell-automation System Design for the Control of Electrical Noise Manual de usuario Pagina 101
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Publication GMC-RM001A-EN-P — July 2001
Measuring Noise Reduction Effectiveness 11-11
Field Strength Meters
Field strength meters (RF sniffers) are commercially available to aid in
the alignment of transmitters and antennae. They are small hand-held
instruments with a row of LED’s or a meter to indicate level and
respond to a wide range of signal frequencies. They appear to be an
ideal instrument for measuring noise, but are not. They are designed
to respond to a continuous sine wave signal, however the typical
noise signal is comprised of a ringing effect lasting a few
microseconds and repeated at the PWM switching frequency, usually
a few kHz. As an example, consider the noise trace shown in the
figure below.
Figure 11.7
Typical noise trace
The peak to average ratio of this waveform is 35:1, but this trace has
been altered to show noise pulses from both positive and negative
going edges of a PWM output. In practice the distance between these
two events would be ten times greater. The actual peak to average
ratio would then be 350:1.
Monitoring for Noise
By adding simple monitors to a system, you can check the noise level
of your clean zones and the on-going effectiveness of the system HF
bonding.
- System Design for 1
- Control of 1
- Electrical Noise 1
- Important User Information 2
- Table of Contents 3
- Table of Contents iii 5
- Appendix A 6
- Appendix B 6
- Who Should Use this 7
- Purpose of this Manual 7
- Contents of this Manual 8
- Related Documentation 9
- Conventions Used in this 9
- P-4 Preface 10
- Chapter Objectives 11
- What is Electrical Noise? 11
- Understanding the Need for 11
- Electrical Noise Control 11
- Noise Control Basics 12
- Figure 1.1 13
- Figure 1.2 13
- Coupling Mechanisms 14
- Capacitance 15
- Mutual Inductance 15
- Solutions for Reducing 16
- Implementation 17
- Measuring Effectiveness 17
- High Frequency (HF) Bonding 19
- Noise Example 1 20
- Noise Example 2 21
- The Ground Plane Principle 21
- Figure 2.3 22
- Figure 2.4 23
- Noise Solutions Using the 24
- Ground Plane Principle 24
- Painted Components 25
- Anodized Aluminum Components 25
- EMC Filters 25
- Adjacent Panels 26
- Grid and Raised Floor 27
- Mezzanine Floor 28
- Machine Structure 29
- Panel ground plane 29
- New Buildings 30
- Existing Buildings 31
- Grounding (Safety Earth) 32
- Understanding the 33
- Segregation Concept 33
- Zone Classification 34
- Component Categories 35
- Routing Wires and Cables 36
- Within a Panel 36
- Figure 3.3 37
- Routing very-dirty cables 37
- Wire and Cable Categories 38
- Data/Communications Cables 39
- Routing System Wires and 40
- Cables Between Panels 40
- Shielding Concept 41
- Ferrite Sleeves 42
- Figure 4.3 43
- Figure 4.4 43
- Mixing Categories 44
- Figure 4.5 45
- Figure 4.6 45
- Filtering Noise 47
- IMPORTANT 48
- Filter Performance 49
- Performance Test Set-up 50
- Test Results 50
- Ultrasonic Transducers 51
- Xenon Flashing Beacons 51
- (strobe lights) 51
- Earth Leakage/Ground Fault 52
- Contact Suppression 53
- Figure 6.1 54
- RC suppressor circuit 54
- Figure 6.2 54
- Understanding Contact 55
- Suppression for 24V dc 55
- Circuits 55
- Figure 6.7 57
- Figure 6.8 57
- Figure 6.9 58
- Power Distribution 59
- Figure 7.1 60
- Filter test set-up 60
- Figure 7.2 60
- Transformers 61
- Single Phase Power 62
- 24V dc Power Supplies 62
- 24V dc Distribution 63
- 24V dc PSU Zoning Methods 63
- Figure 7.5 64
- Figure 7.6 65
- Filter between zones 65
- Figure 7.7 66
- Linear PSU 67
- Figure 7.9 68
- PSU mounted in Dirty Zone 68
- Floating Requirement 69
- Figure 7.11 70
- Separate Clean Zones 70
- Long Power Cable Runs 71
- 7-14 Power Distribution 72
- Motor Wiring 73
- Shielding Motor Power 74
- Grounding Motor Power 74
- Cable Shields 74
- Applying Ferrite Sleeves 75
- Splicing Motor Power 75
- Handling Excess Cable 76
- Installing Long Motor 76
- Understanding Registration 77
- Noise Reduction Methods 78
- Figure 9.1 79
- Figure 9.2 79
- Registration power filter 79
- Dedicated Power Supply 80
- Detection Device Mounting 80
- Signal Noise Filter Options 81
- To Registration Inputs 83
- From Detector 83
- Registration Error 84
- Error Compensation 85
- Software Solutions 85
- Encoders 87
- Mounting 88
- Power Supply Wiring 89
- 10-4 Encoders 90
- E-Field Sniffing Method 93
- H-Field Sniffing Method 94
- Measuring AC Circuits 95
- Figure 11.4 96
- Ground Loops 97
- Differential Measurements 97
- Differential Scope Inputs 98
- Scope Probe Lead Extension 99
- General Guidelines for 100
- Measuring Noise 100
- Field Strength Meters 101
- Monitoring for Noise 101
- Monitoring Systems 102
- Monitoring Panels 102
- Noise Control Supplement 103
- A-2 Noise Control Supplement 104
- Noise Control Supplement A-3 105
- A-4 Noise Control Supplement 106
- Wire Segregation Test 107
- A-6 Noise Control Supplement 108
- Conclusions 109
- Switch-Mode DC Power 110
- Supplies 110
- Grounding the Common 111
- Figure A.8 112
- Figure A.9 112
- Grounded common 112
- DC Filtering 113
- AC Line Filters 114
- Using a Dynamic Braking 115
- Contactor 115
- Figure A.13 116
- Bonding Surfaces 117
- Noise Checklist 118
- EMC Product Suppliers 119
- B-2 EMC Product Suppliers 120
- I-2 Index 122
- Index I-3 123
- I-4 Index 124
- Index I-5 125
- I-6 Index 126
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