Rockwell-automation System Design for the Control of Electrical Noise Manual de usuario Pagina 91
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Publication GMC-RM001A-EN-P — July 2001
Chapter
11
Measuring Noise Reduction Effectiveness
Chapter Objectives
This chapter describes the equipment, methods, and various
guidelines for measuring noise reduction effectiveness. This chapter
covers the following topics:
• Understanding noise measurement
• Methods for measuring noise
• Measuring noise
• General guidelines for measuring noise
Understanding Noise
Measurement
The ability to measure the effectiveness of noise reduction efforts and
to determine if a system is within tolerance is important. However, it
can be very difficult to obtain meaningful and repeatable results.
Methods for Measuring
Noise
European EMC regulations are based on spectrum analysis (displaying
amplitude vs. frequency). An RF spectrum analyzer is an expensive
specialist tool, but necessary for pre-compliance testing if this is the
requirement. Usually, a specialist EMC testing company is hired to
perform such tests and the subject is beyond the scope of this
document.
For troubleshooting drive systems, an oscilloscope (displaying
amplitude vs. time) is more practical. You can determine the
effectiveness of your noise reduction efforts by measuring the
amplitude of the largest noise spikes at various points in the system.
There are three primary methods of measuring noise:
• E-field sniffing (electric field)
• H-field sniffing (magnetic field)
• Direct voltage measurements
The first two methods (E-field and H-field sniffing) are best used to
quickly check for intense noise sources, however direct voltage
measurements along the system wiring is the most reliable indicator of
noise performance. Conducted noise (via capacitance and system
wiring) is the most common cause of functional problems.
- System Design for 1
- Control of 1
- Electrical Noise 1
- Important User Information 2
- Table of Contents 3
- Table of Contents iii 5
- Appendix A 6
- Appendix B 6
- Who Should Use this 7
- Purpose of this Manual 7
- Contents of this Manual 8
- Related Documentation 9
- Conventions Used in this 9
- P-4 Preface 10
- Chapter Objectives 11
- What is Electrical Noise? 11
- Understanding the Need for 11
- Electrical Noise Control 11
- Noise Control Basics 12
- Figure 1.1 13
- Figure 1.2 13
- Coupling Mechanisms 14
- Capacitance 15
- Mutual Inductance 15
- Solutions for Reducing 16
- Implementation 17
- Measuring Effectiveness 17
- High Frequency (HF) Bonding 19
- Noise Example 1 20
- Noise Example 2 21
- The Ground Plane Principle 21
- Figure 2.3 22
- Figure 2.4 23
- Noise Solutions Using the 24
- Ground Plane Principle 24
- Painted Components 25
- Anodized Aluminum Components 25
- EMC Filters 25
- Adjacent Panels 26
- Grid and Raised Floor 27
- Mezzanine Floor 28
- Machine Structure 29
- Panel ground plane 29
- New Buildings 30
- Existing Buildings 31
- Grounding (Safety Earth) 32
- Understanding the 33
- Segregation Concept 33
- Zone Classification 34
- Component Categories 35
- Routing Wires and Cables 36
- Within a Panel 36
- Figure 3.3 37
- Routing very-dirty cables 37
- Wire and Cable Categories 38
- Data/Communications Cables 39
- Routing System Wires and 40
- Cables Between Panels 40
- Shielding Concept 41
- Ferrite Sleeves 42
- Figure 4.3 43
- Figure 4.4 43
- Mixing Categories 44
- Figure 4.5 45
- Figure 4.6 45
- Filtering Noise 47
- IMPORTANT 48
- Filter Performance 49
- Performance Test Set-up 50
- Test Results 50
- Ultrasonic Transducers 51
- Xenon Flashing Beacons 51
- (strobe lights) 51
- Earth Leakage/Ground Fault 52
- Contact Suppression 53
- Figure 6.1 54
- RC suppressor circuit 54
- Figure 6.2 54
- Understanding Contact 55
- Suppression for 24V dc 55
- Circuits 55
- Figure 6.7 57
- Figure 6.8 57
- Figure 6.9 58
- Power Distribution 59
- Figure 7.1 60
- Filter test set-up 60
- Figure 7.2 60
- Transformers 61
- Single Phase Power 62
- 24V dc Power Supplies 62
- 24V dc Distribution 63
- 24V dc PSU Zoning Methods 63
- Figure 7.5 64
- Figure 7.6 65
- Filter between zones 65
- Figure 7.7 66
- Linear PSU 67
- Figure 7.9 68
- PSU mounted in Dirty Zone 68
- Floating Requirement 69
- Figure 7.11 70
- Separate Clean Zones 70
- Long Power Cable Runs 71
- 7-14 Power Distribution 72
- Motor Wiring 73
- Shielding Motor Power 74
- Grounding Motor Power 74
- Cable Shields 74
- Applying Ferrite Sleeves 75
- Splicing Motor Power 75
- Handling Excess Cable 76
- Installing Long Motor 76
- Understanding Registration 77
- Noise Reduction Methods 78
- Figure 9.1 79
- Figure 9.2 79
- Registration power filter 79
- Dedicated Power Supply 80
- Detection Device Mounting 80
- Signal Noise Filter Options 81
- To Registration Inputs 83
- From Detector 83
- Registration Error 84
- Error Compensation 85
- Software Solutions 85
- Encoders 87
- Mounting 88
- Power Supply Wiring 89
- 10-4 Encoders 90
- E-Field Sniffing Method 93
- H-Field Sniffing Method 94
- Measuring AC Circuits 95
- Figure 11.4 96
- Ground Loops 97
- Differential Measurements 97
- Differential Scope Inputs 98
- Scope Probe Lead Extension 99
- General Guidelines for 100
- Measuring Noise 100
- Field Strength Meters 101
- Monitoring for Noise 101
- Monitoring Systems 102
- Monitoring Panels 102
- Noise Control Supplement 103
- A-2 Noise Control Supplement 104
- Noise Control Supplement A-3 105
- A-4 Noise Control Supplement 106
- Wire Segregation Test 107
- A-6 Noise Control Supplement 108
- Conclusions 109
- Switch-Mode DC Power 110
- Supplies 110
- Grounding the Common 111
- Figure A.8 112
- Figure A.9 112
- Grounded common 112
- DC Filtering 113
- AC Line Filters 114
- Using a Dynamic Braking 115
- Contactor 115
- Figure A.13 116
- Bonding Surfaces 117
- Noise Checklist 118
- EMC Product Suppliers 119
- B-2 EMC Product Suppliers 120
- I-2 Index 122
- Index I-3 123
- I-4 Index 124
- Index I-5 125
- I-6 Index 126
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